diff --git a/app/services/batch_store.ts b/app/services/batch_store.ts
index aa41d8b..0a9a965 100644
--- a/app/services/batch_store.ts
+++ b/app/services/batch_store.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import db from '@adonisjs/lucid/services/db'
 import type { TransactionClientContract } from '@adonisjs/lucid/types/database'
-import type { EdgeBatch, ProbeCandidate, ReleaseChunk } from '#lib/edge/index'
+import { UPLOAD_GAP_MS, type EdgeBatch, type ProbeCandidate, type ReleaseChunk } from '#lib/edge/index'
 import ChunkPartitions from '#services/chunk_partitions'
 
 export class StaleBatch extends Error {}
@@ -95,7 +95,10 @@ class BatchStore {
   /**
    * Release aggregates in the catalog, one write-once chunk per release, and
    * probe candidates (a batch's, or files the fragment merger completed).
-   * Releases are sorted by key, so concurrent writers lock them in the same order.
+   * A chunk joins the release of its key whose articles the range's group
+   * owns and whose posting window is within UPLOAD_GAP_MS of its own, else
+   * starts one: re-uploads are releases of their own (decision d). Keys are
+   * locked in order, so concurrent writers don't deadlock or both start one.
    */
   async writeReleases(
     trx: TransactionClientContract,
@@ -104,64 +107,97 @@ class BatchStore {
     releases: ReleaseChunk[],
     candidates: ProbeCandidate[]
   ) {
-    const out = { newReleases: 0, candidates: 0, ids: new Map<string, number>() }
-    const ids = out.ids
-    // Releases, sorted by key so concurrent batches lock them in the same order.
-    const sorted = [...releases].sort((a, b) => a.key.localeCompare(b.key))
+    const out = { newReleases: 0, candidates: 0 }
+    const ids = new Map<string, number>()
+    const slot = (key: string, upload: number) => `${key}\n${upload}`
+    const { group_id: groupId } = await trx.from('ranges').where('id', rangeId).select('group_id').firstOrFail()
+    const sorted = [...releases].sort((a, b) => a.key.localeCompare(b.key) || a.upload - b.upload)
     for (let i = 0; i < sorted.length; i += 1000) {
-      const chunk = sorted.slice(i, i + 1000)
-      const { rows } = await trx.rawQuery(
-        `INSERT INTO releases (release_key, name, source, poster, groups, posted_at, file_total, files, segments, bytes, chunks, first_article, last_article, readable, has_par2, complete)
-           SELECT v.key, v.name, v.source, v.poster, v.groups, to_timestamp(v.posted_at / 1000.0), v.file_total, v.files, v.segments, v.bytes, 1, v.first_article, v.last_article, v.readable, v.has_par2,
-                  CASE WHEN v.file_total IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE v.files >= v.file_total END
-           FROM jsonb_to_recordset(?::jsonb) AS v(key text, name text, source text, poster text, groups jsonb, posted_at bigint, file_total int, files int, segments bigint, bytes bigint, first_article bigint, last_article bigint, readable boolean, has_par2 boolean)
-           ON CONFLICT (release_key) DO UPDATE SET
-             files = releases.files + excluded.files,
-             segments = releases.segments + excluded.segments,
-             bytes = releases.bytes + excluded.bytes,
-             chunks = releases.chunks + 1,
-             posted_at = least(releases.posted_at, excluded.posted_at),
-             file_total = coalesce(releases.file_total, excluded.file_total),
-             first_article = least(releases.first_article, excluded.first_article),
-             last_article = greatest(releases.last_article, excluded.last_article),
-             readable = releases.readable OR excluded.readable,
-             has_par2 = releases.has_par2 OR excluded.has_par2,
-             -- As it stands (the counter's files all found); settling makes it final.
-             complete = CASE WHEN coalesce(releases.file_total, excluded.file_total) IS NULL THEN NULL
-                             ELSE releases.files + excluded.files >= coalesce(releases.file_total, excluded.file_total) END,
-             last_seen_at = now()
-           RETURNING id, release_key, (xmax = 0) AS inserted`,
-        [
-          JSON.stringify(
-            chunk.map((r) => ({
-              key: r.key,
-              name: r.name,
-              source: r.source,
-              poster: r.poster,
-              groups: r.groups,
-              posted_at: r.postedAt,
-              file_total: r.fileTotal,
-              files: r.files,
-              segments: r.segments,
-              bytes: r.bytes,
-              first_article: r.firstArticle,
-              last_article: r.lastArticle,
-              readable: r.readable,
-              has_par2: r.hasPar2,
-            }))
-          ),
-        ]
+      const part = sorted.slice(i, i + 1000)
+      const keys = [...new Set(part.map((r) => r.key))]
+      await trx.rawQuery(`SELECT pg_advisory_xact_lock(hashtextextended(k, 0)) FROM unnest(?::text[]) AS k ORDER BY k`, [keys])
+      const windows = part.map((r, idx) => ({ idx, key: r.key, first: r.postedAt, last: r.postedLast ?? r.postedAt }))
+      const { rows: matches } = await trx.rawQuery(
+        `SELECT DISTINCT ON (v.idx) v.idx, r.id
+         FROM jsonb_to_recordset(?::jsonb) AS v(idx int, key text, first bigint, last bigint)
+         JOIN releases r ON r.identity_key = v.key AND r.group_id = ?
+         WHERE v.first IS NULL OR r.posted_at IS NULL
+            OR (r.posted_at <= to_timestamp((v.last + ?) / 1000.0) AND coalesce(r.last_posted_at, r.posted_at) >= to_timestamp((v.first - ?) / 1000.0))
+         ORDER BY v.idx, r.last_posted_at DESC NULLS LAST, r.id DESC`,
+        [JSON.stringify(windows), groupId, UPLOAD_GAP_MS, UPLOAD_GAP_MS]
       )
-      for (const row of rows) {
-        ids.set(row.release_key, Number(row.id))
-        if (row.inserted) out.newReleases++
+      const joined = new Map<number, number>(matches.map((m: { idx: number; id: string }) => [m.idx, Number(m.id)]))
+      const row = (r: ReleaseChunk) => ({
+        name: r.name,
+        source: r.source,
+        poster: r.poster,
+        groups: r.groups,
+        first: r.postedAt,
+        last: r.postedLast ?? r.postedAt,
+        file_total: r.fileTotal,
+        files: r.files,
+        segments: r.segments,
+        bytes: r.bytes,
+        first_article: r.firstArticle,
+        last_article: r.lastArticle,
+        readable: r.readable,
+        has_par2: r.hasPar2,
+      })
+      const updates = part.flatMap((r, idx) => (joined.has(idx) ? [{ id: joined.get(idx)!, ...row(r) }] : []))
+      if (updates.length > 0) {
+        await trx.rawQuery(
+          `WITH v AS (SELECT * FROM jsonb_to_recordset(?::jsonb) AS v(id bigint, first bigint, last bigint, file_total int, files int, segments bigint, bytes bigint, first_article bigint, last_article bigint, readable boolean, has_par2 boolean)),
+                a AS (SELECT id, sum(files) AS files, sum(segments) AS segments, sum(bytes) AS bytes, count(*) AS chunks, min(first) AS first, max(last) AS last,
+                             max(file_total) AS file_total, min(first_article) AS first_article, max(last_article) AS last_article, bool_or(readable) AS readable, bool_or(has_par2) AS has_par2
+                      FROM v GROUP BY id)
+           UPDATE releases r SET
+             files = r.files + a.files,
+             segments = r.segments + a.segments,
+             bytes = r.bytes + a.bytes,
+             chunks = r.chunks + a.chunks,
+             posted_at = least(r.posted_at, to_timestamp(a.first / 1000.0)),
+             last_posted_at = greatest(r.last_posted_at, to_timestamp(a.last / 1000.0)),
+             file_total = coalesce(r.file_total, a.file_total),
+             first_article = least(r.first_article, a.first_article),
+             last_article = greatest(r.last_article, a.last_article),
+             readable = r.readable OR a.readable,
+             has_par2 = r.has_par2 OR a.has_par2,
+             -- As it stands (the counter's files all found); settling makes it final.
+             complete = CASE WHEN coalesce(r.file_total, a.file_total) IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE r.files + a.files >= coalesce(r.file_total, a.file_total) END,
+             last_seen_at = now()
+           FROM a WHERE r.id = a.id`,
+          [JSON.stringify(updates)]
+        )
+        part.forEach((r, idx) => joined.has(idx) && ids.set(slot(r.key, r.upload), joined.get(idx)!))
+      }
+      const fresh = part.filter((_, idx) => !joined.has(idx))
+      if (fresh.length > 0) {
+        // The first upload of a key keeps the key; later ones are key:2, key:3, …
+        const { rows: counts } = await trx.rawQuery(`SELECT identity_key, count(*) AS n FROM releases WHERE identity_key = ANY(?) GROUP BY 1`, [[...new Set(fresh.map((r) => r.key))]])
+        const taken = new Map<string, number>(counts.map((c: { identity_key: string; n: string }) => [c.identity_key, Number(c.n)]))
+        const inserts = fresh.map((r) => {
+          const n = (taken.get(r.key) ?? 0) + 1
+          taken.set(r.key, n)
+          return { release_key: n === 1 ? r.key : `${r.key}:${n}`, key: r.key, upload: r.upload, ...row(r) }
+        })
+        const { rows } = await trx.rawQuery(
+          `INSERT INTO releases (release_key, identity_key, group_id, name, source, poster, groups, posted_at, last_posted_at, file_total, files, segments, bytes, chunks, first_article, last_article, readable, has_par2, complete)
+           SELECT v.release_key, v.key, ?, v.name, v.source, v.poster, v.groups, to_timestamp(v.first / 1000.0), to_timestamp(v.last / 1000.0), v.file_total, v.files, v.segments, v.bytes, 1,
+                  v.first_article, v.last_article, v.readable, v.has_par2, CASE WHEN v.file_total IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE v.files >= v.file_total END
+           FROM jsonb_to_recordset(?::jsonb) AS v(release_key text, key text, name text, source text, poster text, groups jsonb, first bigint, last bigint, file_total int, files int, segments bigint, bytes bigint, first_article bigint, last_article bigint, readable boolean, has_par2 boolean)
+           RETURNING id, release_key`,
+          [groupId, JSON.stringify(inserts)]
+        )
+        const byReleaseKey = new Map<string, number>(rows.map((x: { id: string; release_key: string }) => [x.release_key, Number(x.id)]))
+        for (const r of inserts) ids.set(slot(r.key, r.upload), byReleaseKey.get(r.release_key)!)
+        out.newReleases += rows.length
       }
     }
 
     // One write-once chunk per release.
     for (let i = 0; i < sorted.length; i += 500) {
       const rows = sorted.slice(i, i + 500).map((r) => ({
-        release_id: ids.get(r.key)!,
+        release_id: ids.get(slot(r.key, r.upload))!,
         range_id: rangeId,
         batch_from: batchFrom,
         files: r.files,
@@ -171,12 +207,12 @@ class BatchStore {
       if (rows.length > 0) await trx.insertQuery().table('release_chunks').multiInsert(rows)
     }
 
-    const kept = candidates.filter((c) => ids.has(c.releaseKey))
+    const kept = candidates.filter((c) => ids.has(slot(c.releaseKey, c.upload ?? 0)))
     for (let i = 0; i < kept.length; i += 2000) {
       const rows = kept
         .slice(i, i + 2000)
         .map((c) => ({
-          release_id: ids.get(c.releaseKey)!,
+          release_id: ids.get(slot(c.releaseKey, c.upload ?? 0))!,
           kind: c.kind,
           message_id: c.messageId,
           file: c.file,
diff --git a/app/services/fragment_merger.ts b/app/services/fragment_merger.ts
index e4596c9..a803792 100644
--- a/app/services/fragment_merger.ts
+++ b/app/services/fragment_merger.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import BatchStore from '#services/batch_store'
 import ChunkPartitions from '#services/chunk_partitions'
 import RuleSets from '#services/rule_sets'
 import { RuleSet } from '#lib/rules/index'
-import { candidatesOf, chunkOf, mergeFragments, releaseKeyOf, type Fragment, type ProbeCandidate, type ReleaseChunk } from '#lib/edge/index'
+import { candidatesOf, chunkOf, mergeFragments, releaseKeyOf, uploadsOf, type Fragment, type ProbeCandidate, type ReleaseChunk } from '#lib/edge/index'
 import type { AggregatedFile } from '#lib/files/index'
 import type { EdgeSegment } from '#lib/edge/index'
 
@@ -85,10 +85,12 @@ class FragmentMerger {
     for (const [key, { files, rangeId }] of byRelease) {
       const verdict = rules.judge(key, files.map((f) => ({ name: f.segments[0].file.name, totalParts: f.segments[0].totalParts, groups: f.segments[0].file.groups, firstMessageId: f.segments[0].messageId })))
       if (verdict.rule !== null) continue
-      releases.push({ rangeId, chunk: chunkOf(key, files), candidates: candidatesOf(key, files) })
+      uploadsOf(files).forEach((list, upload) => releases.push({ rangeId, chunk: chunkOf(key, list, upload), candidates: candidatesOf(key, list, upload) }))
     }
     await ChunkPartitions.ensure()
     await db.transaction(async (trx) => {
+      // In key order, as batches lock keys (no deadlocks).
+      releases.sort((a, b) => a.chunk.key.localeCompare(b.chunk.key) || a.chunk.upload - b.chunk.upload)
       for (const { rangeId, chunk, candidates } of releases) await BatchStore.writeReleases(trx, rangeId, 0, [chunk], candidates)
       const done = [...completed.flatMap((c) => c.ids), ...incomplete.flatMap((c) => c.ids)]
       for (let i = 0; i < done.length; i += 5000) await trx.from('fragments').whereIn('id', done.slice(i, i + 5000)).delete()
diff --git a/commands/releases_duplicates.ts b/commands/releases_duplicates.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fd028f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commands/releases_duplicates.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { BaseCommand, flags } from '@adonisjs/core/ace'
+import type { CommandOptions } from '@adonisjs/core/types/ace'
+import db from '@adonisjs/lucid/services/db'
+import { decodeChunk } from '#lib/chunks/index'
+
+/**
+ * How often a release holds a file name more than once (decoded from its
+ * chunks): copies of one upload posted again (multi-posting, reposts that
+ * share a key) or different files that share a name. Copies of the same
+ * size are counted as the same file posted again.
+ */
+export default class ReleasesDuplicates extends BaseCommand {
+  static commandName = 'releases:duplicates'
+  static description = 'Counts file names a release holds more than once, in a sample'
+  static options: CommandOptions = { startApp: true }
+
+  @flags.number({ description: 'Releases sampled (with more than one file)', default: 20000 })
+  declare sample: number
+
+  async run() {
+    const ids: string[] = (
+      await db.rawQuery(`SELECT id FROM releases TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (5) WHERE files > 1 LIMIT ?`, [this.sample])
+    ).rows.map((r: { id: string }) => r.id)
+    const kind = (name: string) =>
+      /\.(jpe?g|png|gif|bmp|webp)$/i.test(name) ? 'image'
+      : /\.(mp3|flac|m4a|ogg|wav)\b/i.test(name) ? 'audio'
+      : /\.(par2)$/i.test(name) ? 'par2'
+      : /\.(rar|r\d\d|7z|zip|\d{3})$/i.test(name) ? 'archive'
+      : /\.(pdf|epub|mobi|cbr|cbz|djvu|chm)$/i.test(name) ? 'document'
+      : /\.(nfo|sfv|nzb|txt|diz)$/i.test(name) ? 'sidecar'
+      : 'other'
+    let releases = 0
+    let withDuplicates = 0
+    let files = 0
+    let extra = 0
+    let completeOnlyByCopies = 0
+    const byKind = new Map<string, number>()
+    const how = { sameFile: 0, differentFile: 0, sameDay: 0, laterRepost: 0 }
+    const examples: string[] = []
+    for (const id of ids) {
+      const release = await db.from('releases').where('id', id).select('name', 'file_total', 'files').first()
+      const chunks = await db.from('release_chunks').where('release_id', id).select('payload')
+      const byName = new Map<string, Map<string, { parts: number; bytes: number; at: number | null }>>()
+      for (const c of chunks) {
+        for (const f of decodeChunk(c.payload)) {
+          const copies = byName.get(f.name) ?? new Map()
+          copies.set(f.segments[0]?.[1] ?? '', { parts: f.segments.length, bytes: f.segments.reduce((n, [, , b]) => n + b, 0), at: f.postedAt })
+          byName.set(f.name, copies)
+        }
+      }
+      releases++
+      let dup = false
+      for (const [name, copies] of byName) {
+        files += copies.size
+        if (copies.size < 2) continue
+        dup = true
+        extra += copies.size - 1
+        byKind.set(kind(name), (byKind.get(kind(name)) ?? 0) + copies.size - 1)
+        const list = [...copies.values()]
+        // The same file again: as many parts, within 3% in bytes (article sizes include headers).
+        const same = list.every((c) => c.parts === list[0].parts && Math.abs(c.bytes - list[0].bytes) <= 0.03 * list[0].bytes)
+        if (same) how.sameFile++
+        else how.differentFile++
+        const times = list.map((c) => c.at).filter((t): t is number => t !== null)
+        if (times.length > 1 && Math.max(...times) - Math.min(...times) > 86_400_000) how.laterRepost++
+        else how.sameDay++
+        if (!same && examples.length < 8) examples.push(`${id} ${release.name.slice(0, 60)} | ${name.slice(0, 60)} | ${list.map((c) => `${c.parts}p ${(c.bytes / 1e6).toFixed(1)}MB`).join(', ')}`)
+      }
+      if (!dup) continue
+      withDuplicates++
+      const total = Number(release.file_total ?? 0)
+      if (total && Number(release.files) >= total && byName.size < total) completeOnlyByCopies++
+    }
+    const pct = (n: number, of: number) => `${((100 * n) / Math.max(1, of)).toFixed(2)}%`
+    this.logger.info(`${releases} releases with 2+ files sampled`)
+    this.logger.info(`  with a file name more than once: ${withDuplicates} (${pct(withDuplicates, releases)})`)
+    this.logger.info(`  extra copies: ${extra} of ${files} files (${pct(extra, files)}); by type: ${[...byKind].sort((a, b) => b[1] - a[1]).map(([k, n]) => `${k} ${n}`).join(', ')}`)
+    this.logger.info(`  duplicated names: same file again ${how.sameFile}, different (parts or size) ${how.differentFile}; copies the same day ${how.sameDay}, a day or more apart ${how.laterRepost}`)
+    this.logger.info(`  'complete' only by counting copies: ${completeOnlyByCopies}`)
+    for (const e of examples) this.logger.info(`  different: ${e}`)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/commands/releases_upload_gaps.ts b/commands/releases_upload_gaps.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e41a896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/commands/releases_upload_gaps.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import { BaseCommand, flags } from '@adonisjs/core/ace'
+import type { CommandOptions } from '@adonisjs/core/types/ace'
+import db from '@adonisjs/lucid/services/db'
+import { decodeChunk } from '#lib/chunks/index'
+
+/**
+ * For telling uploads apart (re-uploads under one release key): how long
+ * one upload takes to post (the span of a release's files' dates, in
+ * releases without a file name twice), and how far apart the copies of a
+ * file name are in releases that have one twice.
+ */
+export default class ReleasesUploadGaps extends BaseCommand {
+  static commandName = 'releases:upload-gaps'
+  static description = 'Posting spans of uploads and gaps between re-uploads, in a sample'
+  static options: CommandOptions = { startApp: true }
+
+  @flags.number({ description: 'Releases sampled (with more than one file)', default: 20000 })
+  declare sample: number
+
+  async run() {
+    const ids: string[] = (await db.rawQuery(`SELECT id FROM releases TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (5) WHERE files > 1 LIMIT ?`, [this.sample])).rows.map((r: { id: string }) => r.id)
+    const bins = [10, 60, 180, 360, 720, 1440, 4320, Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY]
+    const label = (m: number) => (m === Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY ? '>3d' : m >= 1440 ? `≤${m / 1440}d` : m >= 60 ? `≤${m / 60}h` : `≤${m}min`)
+    const spans = new Array(bins.length).fill(0)
+    const gaps = new Array(bins.length).fill(0)
+    const bin = (minutes: number) => bins.findIndex((b) => minutes <= b)
+    for (const id of ids) {
+      const chunks = await db.from('release_chunks').where('release_id', id).select('payload')
+      const byName = new Map<string, number[]>()
+      const times: number[] = []
+      for (const c of chunks) {
+        for (const f of decodeChunk(c.payload)) {
+          if (f.postedAt === null) continue
+          times.push(f.postedAt)
+          byName.set(f.name, [...(byName.get(f.name) ?? []), f.postedAt])
+        }
+      }
+      if (times.length < 2) continue
+      const twice = [...byName.values()].filter((t) => t.length > 1)
+      if (twice.length === 0) {
+        spans[bin((Math.max(...times) - Math.min(...times)) / 60_000)]++
+        continue
+      }
+      // The gap between a name's copies (sorted; each step), so a release reposted 3 times counts 2 gaps per name.
+      for (const t of twice) {
+        t.sort((a, b) => a - b)
+        for (let i = 1; i < t.length; i++) gaps[bin((t[i] - t[i - 1]) / 60_000)]++
+      }
+    }
+    const show = (counts: number[]) => {
+      const total = counts.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
+      let cumulative = 0
+      return bins.map((b, i) => `${label(b)} ${((100 * (cumulative += counts[i])) / Math.max(1, total)).toFixed(1)}%`).join(', ') + ` (n=${total})`
+    }
+    this.logger.info(`one upload's posting span (cumulative): ${show(spans)}`)
+    this.logger.info(`gap between copies of a name (cumulative): ${show(gaps)}`)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/database/migrations/1770000001400_release_uploads.ts b/database/migrations/1770000001400_release_uploads.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f869de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/database/migrations/1770000001400_release_uploads.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import { BaseSchema } from '@adonisjs/lucid/schema'
+
+/**
+ * Re-uploads as releases of their own (REBUILD.md, decision d): releases
+ * keep the identity key their files gave (identity_key; release_key is that
+ * for the first upload, then key:2, key:3, …), the group that owns their
+ * articles, and their posting window (posted_at … last_posted_at). A batch's
+ * chunk joins a release with its key and group whose window is within
+ * UPLOAD_GAP_MS, else starts one.
+ */
+export default class extends BaseSchema {
+  async up() {
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS identity_key varchar(40)`)
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS group_id integer`)
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS last_posted_at timestamptz`)
+    this.schema.raw(`UPDATE releases SET identity_key = release_key, last_posted_at = posted_at WHERE identity_key IS NULL`)
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases ALTER COLUMN identity_key SET NOT NULL`)
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases ALTER COLUMN release_key TYPE varchar(48)`)
+    this.schema.raw(`CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS releases_identity_idx ON releases (identity_key, group_id)`)
+  }
+
+  async down() {
+    this.schema.raw(`DROP INDEX IF EXISTS releases_identity_idx`)
+    this.schema.raw(`ALTER TABLE releases DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS identity_key, DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS group_id, DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS last_posted_at`)
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/edge/index.ts b/lib/edge/index.ts
index b08668d..a308a76 100644
--- a/lib/edge/index.ts
+++ b/lib/edge/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-export { RangeIndexer, chunkOf, candidatesOf, releaseKeyOf, type EdgeBatch, type ReleaseChunk, type DroppedChunk, type ProbeCandidate, type CandidateKind, type RuleCount, type Fragment, type RangeIndexerOptions } from './range_indexer.js'
+export { RangeIndexer, chunkOf, candidatesOf, releaseKeyOf, uploadsOf, UPLOAD_GAP_MS, type EdgeBatch, type ReleaseChunk, type DroppedChunk, type ProbeCandidate, type CandidateKind, type RuleCount, type Fragment, type RangeIndexerOptions } from './range_indexer.js'
 export { encodeFrame, decodeFrames, isKeepalive, KEEPALIVE, type Frame } from './stream.js'
 export { toWire, fromWire, type WireBatch } from './wire.js'
 export type { Lease } from './lease.js'
diff --git a/lib/edge/range_indexer.ts b/lib/edge/range_indexer.ts
index 2a23a16..56cfe8a 100644
--- a/lib/edge/range_indexer.ts
+++ b/lib/edge/range_indexer.ts
@@ -8,12 +8,16 @@ import { encodeChunk, type ChunkFile } from '../chunks/index.js'
 /** A release's files from one batch (REBUILD.md, chunk store): what the catalog adds up, and the encoded chunk. */
 export interface ReleaseChunk {
   key: string
+  /** Which upload of the key in this batch (0, 1, …; uploadsOf): the catalog keeps uploads apart. */
+  upload: number
   name: string
   source: string
   fileTotal: number | null
   poster: string
   groups: string[]
   postedAt: number | null
+  /** The latest article's date: with postedAt, the upload's posting window. */
+  postedLast: number | null
   files: number
   segments: number
   bytes: number
@@ -35,6 +39,8 @@ export type CandidateKind = 'archive' | 'par2' | 'lone' | '7z-tail'
 /** An article phase 2 should read (REBUILD.md, probe queue). */
 export interface ProbeCandidate {
   releaseKey: string
+  /** Its chunk's upload (ReleaseChunk.upload). */
+  upload: number
   kind: CandidateKind
   messageId: string
   file: string
@@ -106,7 +112,7 @@ const MAX_CANDIDATES = 4
  * waiting for parts.
  */
 export class RangeIndexer {
-  private aggregator = new FileAggregator<EdgeSegment>()
+  private aggregator = new FileAggregator<EdgeSegment>(UPLOAD_GAP_MS)
   private scanner = new SegmentScanner()
   private segments: EdgeSegment[] = []
   private rules: RuleSet
@@ -194,22 +200,24 @@ export class RangeIndexer {
     }
   }
 
-  /** Judges and encodes the releases completed in this batch. */
+  /** Judges and encodes the releases completed in this batch: each upload of a key on its own. */
   private judgeReleases() {
     const byRelease = this.completed
     this.completed = new Map()
-    for (const [key, list] of byRelease) {
-      const verdict = this.rules.judge(
-        key,
-        list.map((f) => ({ name: f.segments[0].file.name, totalParts: f.segments[0].totalParts, groups: f.segments[0].file.groups, firstMessageId: f.segments[0].messageId }))
-      )
-      if (verdict.rule === null) {
-        this.batch.releases.push(chunkOf(key, list))
-        this.batch.candidates.push(...candidatesOf(key, list))
-        continue
-      }
-      this.count(verdict.rule, verdict.key, list.reduce((n, f) => n + f.segments.length, 0), list.length)
-      if (verdict.sample) this.batch.samples.push({ ...chunkOf(key, list), rule: verdict.rule, ruleKey: verdict.key })
+    for (const [key, all] of byRelease) {
+      uploadsOf(all).forEach((list, upload) => {
+        const verdict = this.rules.judge(
+          key,
+          list.map((f) => ({ name: f.segments[0].file.name, totalParts: f.segments[0].totalParts, groups: f.segments[0].file.groups, firstMessageId: f.segments[0].messageId }))
+        )
+        if (verdict.rule === null) {
+          this.batch.releases.push(chunkOf(key, list, upload))
+          this.batch.candidates.push(...candidatesOf(key, list, upload))
+          return
+        }
+        this.count(verdict.rule, verdict.key, list.reduce((n, f) => n + f.segments.length, 0), list.length)
+        if (verdict.sample) this.batch.samples.push({ ...chunkOf(key, list, upload), rule: verdict.rule, ruleKey: verdict.key })
+      })
     }
   }
 
@@ -284,6 +292,51 @@ export function releaseKeyOf(s: EdgeSegment): string {
   return s.file.release?.key ?? hash('sha1', `file\n${s.fileKey}`)
 }
 
+/**
+ * A pause of more than this in posting starts another upload of the same
+ * release key (a re-upload): 91% of uploads post within 3 h, 73% of
+ * re-uploaded copies come later (LOG.md 2026-10-09 (10)).
+ */
+export const UPLOAD_GAP_MS = 3 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+/**
+ * A key's files split into uploads where posting pauses for more than
+ * UPLOAD_GAP_MS: files in order of their first article's date; a file
+ * starts another upload when it begins more than UPLOAD_GAP_MS after the
+ * latest article posted so far (so a file that takes hours to post doesn't
+ * split its upload). Earliest upload first, each in the files' own order;
+ * files without a date go with the first.
+ */
+export function uploadsOf<F extends AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>>(files: F[]): F[][] {
+  if (files.length < 2) return [files]
+  const first = files.map((f) => postedOf(f.segments))
+  const last = files.map((f) => latestOf(f.segments))
+  const dated = files.map((_, i) => i).filter((i) => first[i] !== null).sort((a, b) => first[a]! - first[b]! || a - b)
+  if (dated.length < 2) return [files]
+  const upload = new Array<number>(files.length).fill(0)
+  let current = 0
+  let end = last[dated[0]]!
+  for (let k = 1; k < dated.length; k++) {
+    const i = dated[k]
+    if (first[i]! - end > UPLOAD_GAP_MS) {
+      current++
+      end = last[i]!
+    } else if (last[i]! > end) {
+      end = last[i]!
+    }
+    upload[i] = current
+  }
+  if (current === 0) return [files]
+  return Array.from({ length: current + 1 }, (_, u) => files.filter((_, i) => upload[i] === u))
+}
+
+/** The latest article date of a file's segments, or null. */
+function latestOf(segments: EdgeSegment[]): number | null {
+  let max: number | null = null
+  for (const s of segments) if (Number.isFinite(s.postedAt) && (max === null || s.postedAt > max)) max = s.postedAt
+  return max
+}
+
 function postedOf(segments: EdgeSegment[]): number | null {
   let min: number | null = null
   for (const s of segments) {
@@ -293,7 +346,7 @@ function postedOf(segments: EdgeSegment[]): number | null {
   return min
 }
 
-export function chunkOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]): ReleaseChunk {
+export function chunkOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[], upload = 0): ReleaseChunk {
   const first = files[0].segments[0].file
   const chunkFiles: ChunkFile[] = files.map((f) => {
     const m = f.segments[0].file
@@ -304,6 +357,7 @@ export function chunkOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]): Rele
   let firstArticle = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
   let lastArticle = 0
   let postedAt: number | null = null
+  let postedLast: number | null = null
   for (const f of files) {
     for (const s of f.segments) {
       segments++
@@ -311,18 +365,21 @@ export function chunkOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]): Rele
       const n = s.articleNumber
       if (n < firstArticle) firstArticle = n
       if (n > lastArticle) lastArticle = n
+      if (Number.isFinite(s.postedAt) && (postedLast === null || s.postedAt > postedLast)) postedLast = s.postedAt
     }
     const t = postedOf(f.segments)
     if (t !== null && (postedAt === null || t < postedAt)) postedAt = t
   }
   return {
     key,
+    upload,
     name: first.release?.name ?? first.name,
     source: first.release?.source ?? 'file',
     fileTotal: files.find((f) => f.segments[0].file.release?.fileTotal)?.segments[0].file.release?.fileTotal ?? null,
     poster: first.poster,
     groups: first.groups,
     postedAt,
+    postedLast,
     files: files.length,
     segments,
     bytes,
@@ -339,7 +396,7 @@ export function chunkOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]): Rele
  * volume, of its par2 index, of a lone random-named file, and a 7z set's
  * last volume (its listing is in the tail). At most a few per release.
  */
-export function candidatesOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]): ProbeCandidate[] {
+export function candidatesOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[], upload = 0): ProbeCandidate[] {
   const out: ProbeCandidate[] = []
   let tail: { volume: number; file: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment> } | null = null
   for (const f of files) {
@@ -349,12 +406,12 @@ export function candidatesOf(key: string, files: AggregatedFile<EdgeSegment>[]):
       if (!tail || volume > tail.volume) tail = { volume, file: f }
       continue
     }
-    if (isArchiveStart(name)) out.push({ releaseKey: key, kind: 'archive', messageId: f.segments[0].messageId, file: name })
-    else if (/\.par2$/i.test(name) && !isLaterVolume(name)) out.push({ releaseKey: key, kind: 'par2', messageId: f.segments[0].messageId, file: name })
+    if (isArchiveStart(name)) out.push({ releaseKey: key, upload, kind: 'archive', messageId: f.segments[0].messageId, file: name })
+    else if (/\.par2$/i.test(name) && !isLaterVolume(name)) out.push({ releaseKey: key, upload, kind: 'par2', messageId: f.segments[0].messageId, file: name })
   }
-  if (tail) out.push({ releaseKey: key, kind: '7z-tail', messageId: tail.file.segments.at(-1)!.messageId, file: tail.file.segments[0].file.name })
+  if (tail) out.push({ releaseKey: key, upload, kind: '7z-tail', messageId: tail.file.segments.at(-1)!.messageId, file: tail.file.segments[0].file.name })
   if (out.length === 0 && files.length === 1 && isRandomFile(files[0].segments[0].file.name)) {
-    out.push({ releaseKey: key, kind: 'lone', messageId: files[0].segments[0].messageId, file: files[0].segments[0].file.name })
+    out.push({ releaseKey: key, upload, kind: 'lone', messageId: files[0].segments[0].messageId, file: files[0].segments[0].file.name })
   }
   return out.slice(0, MAX_CANDIDATES)
 }
diff --git a/lib/files/aggregator.ts b/lib/files/aggregator.ts
index e25b56b..83cb034 100644
--- a/lib/files/aggregator.ts
+++ b/lib/files/aggregator.ts
@@ -14,11 +14,13 @@ export interface AggregatableSegment {
   totalParts: number
   messageId: string
   bytes: number
+  /** ms since 1970 (NaN or absent: unknown): tells a re-upload's copy of a file from the first. */
+  postedAt?: number
 }
 
 export interface AggregatedFile<S extends AggregatableSegment> {
   fileKey: string
-  /** One segment per part number, in part order; the first article seen wins (a later one is a repost). */
+  /** One segment per part number, in part order; within a copy the first article seen wins (a re-send). */
   segments: S[]
 }
 
@@ -27,14 +29,32 @@ interface OpenFile<S> {
   totalParts: number
   /** Batch in which a segment last arrived. */
   touched: number
+  /** Posting times seen (NaN: none). */
+  earliest: number
+  latest: number
 }
 
 export class FileAggregator<S extends AggregatableSegment> {
-  private open = new Map<string, OpenFile<S>>()
+  /** Per file key its open copies, oldest first: a re-upload of a file is a copy of its own. */
+  private open = new Map<string, OpenFile<S>[]>()
   private batch = 0
   /** Segments with a part number outside 1..total: never part of a complete file. */
   private stray: S[] = []
 
+  /**
+   * `uploadGapMs`: a part already in every open copy, posted further than
+   * this from all of them, starts another copy (a re-upload). A missing part
+   * always fills a copy, the nearest in time (a poster re-sending what was
+   * missing), and a part posted near a copy that has it is a re-send.
+   */
+  constructor(private uploadGapMs = 3 * 60 * 60 * 1000) {}
+
+  /** How far `t` is from a copy's posting times (0 when unknown or within them). */
+  private distance(file: OpenFile<S>, t: number | undefined): number {
+    if (t === undefined || !Number.isFinite(t) || !Number.isFinite(file.earliest)) return 0
+    return Math.max(0, file.earliest - t, t - file.latest)
+  }
+
   /** Adds one batch of segments; returns the files they completed. */
   add(segments: S[]): AggregatedFile<S>[] {
     this.batch++
@@ -44,22 +64,51 @@ export class FileAggregator<S extends AggregatableSegment> {
         this.stray.push(segment)
         continue
       }
-      let file = this.open.get(segment.fileKey)
+      let copies = this.open.get(segment.fileKey)
+      if (!copies) {
+        copies = []
+        this.open.set(segment.fileKey, copies)
+      }
+      const t = segment.postedAt
+      let file: OpenFile<S> | undefined
+      let best = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
+      for (const copy of copies) {
+        if (copy.parts.has(segment.number)) continue
+        const d = this.distance(copy, t)
+        if (d < best) {
+          best = d
+          file = copy
+        }
+      }
       if (!file) {
-        file = { parts: new Map(), totalParts: segment.totalParts, touched: this.batch }
-        this.open.set(segment.fileKey, file)
+        const near = copies.find((copy) => this.distance(copy, t) <= this.uploadGapMs)
+        if (near) {
+          // A re-send of a part this copy has: the first article stays.
+          near.touched = this.batch
+          touched.add(segment.fileKey)
+          continue
+        }
+        file = { parts: new Map(), totalParts: segment.totalParts, touched: this.batch, earliest: Number.NaN, latest: Number.NaN }
+        copies.push(file)
+      }
+      file.parts.set(segment.number, segment)
+      if (t !== undefined && Number.isFinite(t)) {
+        if (!(t >= file.earliest)) file.earliest = t
+        if (!(t <= file.latest)) file.latest = t
       }
-      if (!file.parts.has(segment.number)) file.parts.set(segment.number, segment)
       file.touched = this.batch
       touched.add(segment.fileKey)
     }
 
     const complete: AggregatedFile<S>[] = []
     for (const key of touched) {
-      const file = this.open.get(key)!
-      if (file.parts.size < file.totalParts) continue
-      this.open.delete(key)
-      complete.push({ fileKey: key, segments: [...file.parts.values()].sort((a, b) => a.number - b.number) })
+      const copies = this.open.get(key)!
+      for (const file of [...copies]) {
+        if (file.parts.size < file.totalParts) continue
+        copies.splice(copies.indexOf(file), 1)
+        complete.push({ fileKey: key, segments: [...file.parts.values()].sort((a, b) => a.number - b.number) })
+      }
+      if (copies.length === 0) this.open.delete(key)
     }
     return complete
   }
@@ -71,16 +120,21 @@ export class FileAggregator<S extends AggregatableSegment> {
   evict(idleBatches = 0): S[] {
     const out = this.stray
     this.stray = []
-    for (const [key, file] of this.open) {
-      if (idleBatches > 0 && this.batch - file.touched < idleBatches) continue
-      this.open.delete(key)
-      out.push(...file.parts.values())
+    for (const [key, copies] of this.open) {
+      for (const file of [...copies]) {
+        if (idleBatches > 0 && this.batch - file.touched < idleBatches) continue
+        copies.splice(copies.indexOf(file), 1)
+        out.push(...file.parts.values())
+      }
+      if (copies.length === 0) this.open.delete(key)
     }
     return out
   }
 
   /** Files still waiting for parts. */
   get openFiles(): number {
-    return this.open.size
+    let n = 0
+    for (const copies of this.open.values()) n += copies.length
+    return n
   }
 }
diff --git a/tests/functional/batch_store.spec.ts b/tests/functional/batch_store.spec.ts
index 797b711..c36abed 100644
--- a/tests/functional/batch_store.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/functional/batch_store.spec.ts
@@ -32,6 +32,32 @@ function indexer() {
   return new RangeIndexer({ group: GROUP, start: 1, end: 1_000_000, rules: { ...DEFAULT_RULES, samplePercent: 0, droppedSignatures: [], priorities: { [GROUP]: 1 } }, edgeArticles: 1000 })
 }
 
+/** One file's articles, posted `minutes` apart from `start` (an ISO time), in `group`. */
+function upload(at: number, name: string, parts: number, counter: string, start: string, group = GROUP, minutes = 1): Overview[] {
+  return Array.from({ length: parts }, (_, i) => {
+    id++
+    const date = new Date(Date.parse(start) + i * minutes * 60_000).toUTCString().replace('GMT', '+0000')
+    return [at + i, { 'subject': `${counter} - "${name}" yEnc (${i + 1}/${parts})`, 'from': 'p <p@x>', 'date': date, 'message-id': `<up${id}@test>`, ':bytes': '700000', 'xref': `news.example ${group}:${at + i}` }] as Overview
+  })
+}
+
+async function rangeIn(groupName: string, start: number, nodeId?: number) {
+  const g = (await db.from('groups').where('name', groupName).first()) ?? (await db.table('groups').insert({ name: groupName, priority: groupName === GROUP ? 1 : 2 }).returning('*'))[0]
+  const node = nodeId ?? Number((await db.table('nodes').insert({ name: `n${groupName}${start}` }).returning('id'))[0].id)
+  const [range] = await db.table('ranges').insert({ group_id: g.id, start_id: start, end_id: start + 99_999, next_id: start, status: 'leased', node_id: node, rule_version: 1 }).returning('id')
+  return { rangeId: Number(range.id), nodeId: node }
+}
+
+async function storeIn(groupName: string, start: number, overviews: Overview[]) {
+  const { rangeId, nodeId } = await rangeIn(groupName, start)
+  const ix = new RangeIndexer({ group: groupName, start, end: start + 99_999, rules: { ...DEFAULT_RULES, samplePercent: 0, droppedSignatures: [], priorities: { [GROUP]: 1, 'alt.binaries.other': 2 } }, edgeArticles: 1 })
+  ix.add(overviews, start + 100_000)
+  ix.finish()
+  await BatchStore.store(rangeId, nodeId, ix.take())
+}
+
+const releasesOf = () => db.from('releases').orderBy('id').select('release_key', 'identity_key', 'files', 'posted_at', 'last_posted_at')
+
 test.group('BatchStore', (group) => {
   group.each.setup(() => testUtils.db().withGlobalTransaction())
 
@@ -73,4 +99,32 @@ test.group('BatchStore', (group) => {
     ix.add(post(100_000, 'A.Release.2020.mkv', 1, 'A [1/1]'), 200_000)
     await assert.rejects(() => BatchStore.store(rangeId, nodeId + 1, ix.take()), /not leased to this node/)
   })
+  test('a re-upload is a release of its own: in one range, or a later range; a continuation joins', async ({ assert }) => {
+    // One range: the same file posted Monday and again Thursday.
+    await storeIn(GROUP, 1, [
+      ...upload(10, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.mkv', 2, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [1/2]', '2026-10-05T10:00:00Z'),
+      ...upload(20, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.par2', 1, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [2/2]', '2026-10-05T10:05:00Z'),
+      ...upload(500, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.mkv', 2, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [1/2]', '2026-10-08T10:00:00Z'),
+    ])
+    let rows = await releasesOf()
+    assert.lengthOf(rows, 2)
+    assert.equal(rows[1].release_key, `${rows[0].release_key}:2`)
+    assert.deepEqual(rows.map((r) => [r.identity_key, r.files]), [[rows[0].release_key, 2], [rows[0].release_key, 1]])
+
+    // The next range: Thursday's par2 an hour later joins Thursday's release; a Saturday copy is a third.
+    await storeIn(GROUP, 100_001, upload(100_010, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.par2', 1, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [2/2]', '2026-10-08T11:00:00Z'))
+    await storeIn(GROUP, 200_001, upload(200_010, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.mkv', 2, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [1/2]', '2026-10-10T10:00:00Z'))
+    rows = await releasesOf()
+    assert.deepEqual(rows.map((r) => [r.release_key.split(':')[1] ?? '1', r.files]), [['1', 2], ['2', 2], ['3', 1]])
+    const chunks = await db.from('release_chunks').count('* as n').first()
+    assert.equal(Number(chunks!.n), 4)
+  })
+
+  test('the same upload in another group (multi-posted) is a release of its own', async ({ assert }) => {
+    await storeIn(GROUP, 1, upload(10, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.mkv', 2, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [1/1]', '2026-10-05T10:00:00Z'))
+    await storeIn('alt.binaries.other', 1, upload(10, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p.mkv', 2, 'Some.Show.S01E01.1080p [1/1]', '2026-10-05T10:01:00Z', 'alt.binaries.other'))
+    const rows = await releasesOf()
+    assert.lengthOf(rows, 2)
+    assert.equal(rows[0].identity_key, rows[1].identity_key)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/tests/functional/settler.spec.ts b/tests/functional/settler.spec.ts
index 1a4adc5..51cb154 100644
--- a/tests/functional/settler.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/functional/settler.spec.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ test.group('Settler', (group) => {
   test('settles quiet releases: complete by the [i/N] counter, unknown without one', async ({ assert }) => {
     const old = new Date(Date.now() - 7 * 3600 * 1000)
     const row = (key: string, files: number, fileTotal: number | null, lastSeen: Date) => ({
-      release_key: key.padEnd(40, '0'), name: key, source: 'subject', groups: '[]', files, file_total: fileTotal, last_seen_at: lastSeen,
+      release_key: key.padEnd(40, '0'), identity_key: key.padEnd(40, '0'), name: key, source: 'subject', groups: '[]', files, file_total: fileTotal, last_seen_at: lastSeen,
     })
     await db.table('releases').multiInsert([row('a', 10, 10, old), row('b', 8, 10, old), row('c', 3, null, old), row('d', 10, 10, new Date())])
     assert.equal(await Settler.run(), 3)
diff --git a/tests/unit/edge/range_indexer.spec.ts b/tests/unit/edge/range_indexer.spec.ts
index efab6e5..0ca8efb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/edge/range_indexer.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/edge/range_indexer.spec.ts
@@ -81,4 +81,20 @@ test.group('edge / taking over a range', () => {
     indexer.add(post(500_001, 'A.Release.2020.mkv', 1), 600_000)
     assert.deepEqual([indexer.take().from, indexer.take().from], [500_001, 600_000])
   })
+  test('uploads split where posting pauses for more than 3 hours, counted from the latest article', ({ assert }) => {
+    const art = (n: number, subject: string, minutes: number): Overview => [n, { 'subject': subject, 'from': 'p <p@x>', 'date': new Date(Date.UTC(2026, 9, 5, 10) + minutes * 60_000).toUTCString(), 'message-id': `<u${n}@test>`, ':bytes': '1000', 'xref': `news.example ${GROUP}:${n}` }]
+    const ix = new RangeIndexer({ group: GROUP, start: 1, end: 10_000, rules })
+    ix.add([
+      // A big file posted over 4 hours, then its par2 right after: one upload.
+      ...Array.from({ length: 5 }, (_, i) => art(100 + i, `Big.Release [1/2] - "Big.Release.mkv" yEnc (${i + 1}/5)`, i * 60)),
+      art(200, 'Big.Release [2/2] - "Big.Release.par2" yEnc (1/1)', 245),
+      // The same file again a day later: another.
+      ...Array.from({ length: 5 }, (_, i) => art(300 + i, `Big.Release [1/2] - "Big.Release.mkv" yEnc (${i + 1}/5)`, 1440 + i)),
+    ], 10_001)
+    ix.finish()
+    const batch = ix.take()
+    assert.deepEqual(batch.releases.map((r) => [r.upload, r.files]), [[0, 2], [1, 1]])
+    assert.equal(batch.releases[0].postedLast! - batch.releases[0].postedAt!, 245 * 60_000)
+    assert.equal(batch.releases[0].key, batch.releases[1].key)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/tests/unit/files/aggregator.spec.ts b/tests/unit/files/aggregator.spec.ts
index 0125170..8e2e500 100644
--- a/tests/unit/files/aggregator.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/unit/files/aggregator.spec.ts
@@ -36,4 +36,20 @@ test.group('aggregate / FileAggregator', () => {
     assert.deepEqual(aggregator.evict(0).map((s) => s.number), [1, 2])
     assert.equal(aggregator.openFiles, 0)
   })
+  test('a re-upload is a copy of its own; a missing part sent later fills the first', ({ assert }) => {
+    const hour = 3_600_000
+    const at = (number: number, h: number, id: string) => ({ ...seg('a', number, 3, `${id}@test`), postedAt: h * hour })
+    const aggregator = new FileAggregator()
+    // Parts 1 and 2 at 10:00; part 1 again right after (a re-send: ignored).
+    assert.lengthOf(aggregator.add([at(1, 10, 'a1'), at(2, 10, 'a2'), at(1, 10.1, 'resend')]), 0)
+    // A day later: parts 1 and 2 again (a re-upload, another copy), and part 3 (fills the nearest copy lacking it: the new one).
+    assert.lengthOf(aggregator.add([at(1, 34, 'b1'), at(2, 34, 'b2')]), 0)
+    assert.equal(aggregator.openFiles, 2)
+    const [second] = aggregator.add([at(3, 34.2, 'b3')])
+    assert.deepEqual(second.segments.map((s) => s.messageId), ['b1@test', 'b2@test', 'b3@test'])
+    // The first copy's missing part, sent two days later: it completes the first.
+    const [first] = aggregator.add([at(3, 58, 'a3')])
+    assert.deepEqual(first.segments.map((s) => s.messageId), ['a1@test', 'a2@test', 'a3@test'])
+    assert.equal(aggregator.openFiles, 0)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/tools/edge-bench-rs/check.ts b/tools/edge-bench-rs/check.ts
index f4d0187..c4a4a51 100644
--- a/tools/edge-bench-rs/check.ts
+++ b/tools/edge-bench-rs/check.ts
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ const release = (r: Item, b: number) => {
 const ts: Record<string, Item[]> = { b: [], r: [], s: [], c: [], n: [], f: [] }
 batches.forEach((batch, b) => {
   ts.b.push({ b, from: batch.from, next: batch.next, headers: batch.headers })
-  for (const r of batch.releases) ts.r.push(release({ key: r.key, name: r.name, source: r.source, fileTotal: r.fileTotal, poster: r.poster, groups: r.groups, postedAt: r.postedAt, files: r.files, segments: r.segments, bytes: r.bytes, firstArticle: r.firstArticle, lastArticle: r.lastArticle, readable: r.readable, hasPar2: r.hasPar2, payload: r.payload }, b))
-  for (const s of batch.samples) ts.s.push({ b, key: s.key, rule: s.rule, ruleKey: s.ruleKey, segments: s.segments })
-  for (const c of batch.candidates) ts.c.push({ b, releaseKey: c.releaseKey, kind: c.kind, messageId: c.messageId, file: c.file })
+  for (const r of batch.releases) ts.r.push(release({ upload: r.upload, key: r.key, name: r.name, source: r.source, fileTotal: r.fileTotal, poster: r.poster, groups: r.groups, postedAt: r.postedAt, postedLast: r.postedLast, files: r.files, segments: r.segments, bytes: r.bytes, firstArticle: r.firstArticle, lastArticle: r.lastArticle, readable: r.readable, hasPar2: r.hasPar2, payload: r.payload }, b))
+  for (const s of batch.samples) ts.s.push({ b, key: s.key, upload: s.upload, rule: s.rule, ruleKey: s.ruleKey, segments: s.segments })
+  for (const c of batch.candidates) ts.c.push({ b, upload: c.upload, releaseKey: c.releaseKey, kind: c.kind, messageId: c.messageId, file: c.file })
   for (const n of batch.counts) ts.n.push({ b, rule: n.rule, key: n.key, articles: n.articles, files: n.files })
   for (const f of batch.fragments) ts.f.push({ b, fileKey: f.fileKey, name: f.name, totalParts: f.totalParts, postedAt: f.postedAt, segments: f.segments })
 })
@@ -65,15 +65,15 @@ for (const line of (await readFile(dumpPath, 'utf8')).split('\n')) {
   const { t, ...item } = JSON.parse(line)
   if (t === 'b') b++
   if (t === 'r') rs.r.push(release({ ...item, payload: Buffer.from(item.payload, 'base64') }, b))
-  else if (t === 's') rs.s.push({ b, key: item.key, rule: item.rule, ruleKey: item.ruleKey, segments: item.segments })
+  else if (t === 's') rs.s.push({ b, key: item.key, upload: item.upload, rule: item.rule, ruleKey: item.ruleKey, segments: item.segments })
   else rs[t].push({ b, ...item })
 }
 
 const keyOf: Record<string, (i: Item) => string> = {
   b: (i) => String(i.b),
-  r: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.key}`,
-  s: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.key}`,
-  c: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.releaseKey} ${i.kind} ${i.messageId}`,
+  r: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.key} ${i.upload}`,
+  s: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.key} ${i.upload}`,
+  c: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.releaseKey} ${i.upload} ${i.kind} ${i.messageId}`,
   n: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.rule} ${i.key}`,
   f: (i) => `${i.b} ${i.fileKey}`,
 }
diff --git a/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/indexer.rs b/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/indexer.rs
index a2f7559..c170614 100644
--- a/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/indexer.rs
+++ b/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/indexer.rs
@@ -31,12 +31,14 @@ pub struct Seg {
 
 pub struct ReleaseChunk {
     pub key: String,
+    pub upload: usize,
     pub name: String,
     pub source: &'static str,
     pub file_total: Option<i64>,
     pub poster: String,
     pub groups: Vec<String>,
     pub posted_at: Option<i64>,
+    pub posted_last: Option<i64>,
     pub files: usize,
     pub segments: usize,
     pub bytes: i64,
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ pub struct ReleaseChunk {
 
 pub struct Candidate {
     pub release_key: String,
+    pub upload: usize,
     pub kind: &'static str,
     pub message_id: String,
     pub file: String,
@@ -275,60 +278,167 @@ fn scan_overview_text(text: &str, mut line: impl FnMut(Option<i64>, &str, &str,
     }
 }
 
+/// A re-upload's copy of a file is kept apart (FileAggregator, uploadGapMs).
+pub const UPLOAD_GAP_MS: i64 = 3 * 60 * 60 * 1000;
+
 struct OpenFile {
     parts: Vec<Seg>,
     seen: FxHashSet<u32>,
     total: u32,
     touched: u64,
+    /// Posting times seen.
+    earliest: Option<i64>,
+    latest: Option<i64>,
+}
+
+impl OpenFile {
+    fn distance(&self, t: Option<i64>) -> i64 {
+        match (t, self.earliest, self.latest) {
+            (Some(t), Some(e), Some(l)) => 0.max(e - t).max(t - l),
+            _ => 0,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct Aggregator {
-    open: FxHashMap<String, OpenFile>,
+    /// Per file key its open copies, oldest first.
+    open: FxHashMap<String, Vec<OpenFile>>,
     batch: u64,
 }
 
 impl Aggregator {
     fn add(&mut self, segments: Vec<Seg>) -> Vec<Vec<Seg>> {
         self.batch += 1;
+        let batch = self.batch;
         let mut touched: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
         let mut touched_set: FxHashSet<String> = FxHashSet::default();
         for s in segments {
-            let key = &s.file.file_key;
-            let file = match self.open.get_mut(key.as_str()) {
-                Some(f) => f,
-                None => self.open.entry(key.clone()).or_insert(OpenFile { parts: Vec::new(), seen: FxHashSet::default(), total: s.file.total_parts, touched: self.batch }),
-            };
+            let key = s.file.file_key.clone();
             if !touched_set.contains(key.as_str()) {
                 touched_set.insert(key.clone());
                 touched.push(key.clone());
             }
-            file.touched = self.batch;
-            if file.seen.insert(s.number) {
-                file.parts.push(s);
+            let copies = self.open.entry(key).or_default();
+            let t = s.posted_at;
+            // A copy lacking the part, the nearest in time.
+            let mut chosen: Option<usize> = None;
+            let mut best = i64::MAX;
+            for (i, copy) in copies.iter().enumerate() {
+                if copy.seen.contains(&s.number) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let d = copy.distance(t);
+                if d < best {
+                    best = d;
+                    chosen = Some(i);
+                }
             }
+            let index = match chosen {
+                Some(i) => i,
+                None => {
+                    if let Some(near) = copies.iter_mut().find(|c| c.distance(t) <= UPLOAD_GAP_MS) {
+                        near.touched = batch;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    copies.push(OpenFile { parts: Vec::new(), seen: FxHashSet::default(), total: s.file.total_parts, touched: batch, earliest: None, latest: None });
+                    copies.len() - 1
+                }
+            };
+            let file = &mut copies[index];
+            file.seen.insert(s.number);
+            if let Some(t) = t {
+                if file.earliest.is_none_or(|e| t < e) {
+                    file.earliest = Some(t);
+                }
+                if file.latest.is_none_or(|l| t > l) {
+                    file.latest = Some(t);
+                }
+            }
+            file.touched = batch;
+            file.parts.push(s);
         }
         let mut complete = Vec::new();
         for key in touched {
-            let f = self.open.get(&key).unwrap();
-            if (f.parts.len() as u32) < f.total {
-                continue;
+            let copies = self.open.get_mut(&key).unwrap();
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i < copies.len() {
+                if (copies[i].parts.len() as u32) < copies[i].total {
+                    i += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let mut f = copies.remove(i);
+                f.parts.sort_by_key(|s| s.number);
+                complete.push(f.parts);
+            }
+            if copies.is_empty() {
+                self.open.remove(&key);
             }
-            let mut f = self.open.remove(&key).unwrap();
-            f.parts.sort_by_key(|s| s.number);
-            complete.push(f.parts);
         }
         complete
     }
 
-    /// Files idle for `idle` batches (all when 0): their segments, file by file in arrival order.
+    /// Files idle for `idle` batches (all when 0): their segments, per file key (its copies one after another).
     fn evict(&mut self, idle: u64) -> Vec<Vec<Seg>> {
         let batch = self.batch;
-        let gone: Vec<String> = self.open.iter().filter(|(_, f)| !(idle > 0 && batch - f.touched < idle)).map(|(k, _)| k.clone()).collect();
-        gone.into_iter().map(|k| self.open.remove(&k).unwrap().parts).collect()
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        let keys: Vec<String> = self.open.keys().cloned().collect();
+        for key in keys {
+            let copies = self.open.get_mut(&key).unwrap();
+            let mut gone: Vec<Seg> = Vec::new();
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i < copies.len() {
+                if idle > 0 && batch - copies[i].touched < idle {
+                    i += 1;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                gone.extend(copies.remove(i).parts);
+            }
+            if copies.is_empty() {
+                self.open.remove(&key);
+            }
+            if !gone.is_empty() {
+                out.push(gone);
+            }
+        }
+        out
     }
 }
 
+/// uploadsOf: a key's files split where posting pauses for more than UPLOAD_GAP_MS after the latest article so far.
+fn uploads_of(files: Vec<Vec<Seg>>) -> Vec<Vec<Vec<Seg>>> {
+    if files.len() < 2 {
+        return vec![files];
+    }
+    let first: Vec<Option<i64>> = files.iter().map(|f| posted_of(f)).collect();
+    let last: Vec<Option<i64>> = files.iter().map(|f| f.iter().filter_map(|s| s.posted_at).max()).collect();
+    let mut dated: Vec<usize> = (0..files.len()).filter(|&i| first[i].is_some()).collect();
+    if dated.len() < 2 {
+        return vec![files];
+    }
+    dated.sort_by_key(|&i| (first[i].unwrap(), i));
+    let mut upload = vec![0usize; files.len()];
+    let mut current = 0;
+    let mut end = last[dated[0]].unwrap();
+    for &i in &dated[1..] {
+        if first[i].unwrap() - end > UPLOAD_GAP_MS {
+            current += 1;
+            end = last[i].unwrap();
+        } else if last[i].unwrap() > end {
+            end = last[i].unwrap();
+        }
+        upload[i] = current;
+    }
+    if current == 0 {
+        return vec![files];
+    }
+    let mut out: Vec<Vec<Vec<Seg>>> = (0..=current).map(|_| Vec::new()).collect();
+    for (i, f) in files.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        out[upload[i]].push(f);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
 pub struct RangeIndexer {
     group: String,
     start: i64,
@@ -452,22 +562,23 @@ impl RangeIndexer {
         let order = std::mem::take(&mut self.completed_order);
         let mut by_release = std::mem::take(&mut self.completed);
         for key in order {
-            let list = by_release.remove(&key).unwrap();
-            let judged: Vec<JudgedFile> = list
-                .iter()
-                .map(|f| JudgedFile { name: &f[0].file.name, total_parts: f[0].file.total_parts, groups: &f[0].file.groups, first_message_id: &f[0].message_id })
-                .collect();
-            match names::judge(&key, &judged) {
-                Verdict::Keep => {
-                    let candidates = candidates_of(&key, &list);
-                    self.batch.releases.push(chunk_of(&key, &list));
-                    self.batch.candidates.extend(candidates);
-                }
-                Verdict::Drop { rule, key: rule_key, sample } => {
-                    let segments: usize = list.iter().map(|f| f.len()).sum();
-                    self.count(rule, rule_key.clone(), segments as u64, list.len() as u64);
-                    if sample {
-                        self.batch.samples.push((chunk_of(&key, &list), rule, rule_key));
+            for (upload, list) in uploads_of(by_release.remove(&key).unwrap()).into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let judged: Vec<JudgedFile> = list
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|f| JudgedFile { name: &f[0].file.name, total_parts: f[0].file.total_parts, groups: &f[0].file.groups, first_message_id: &f[0].message_id })
+                    .collect();
+                match names::judge(&key, &judged) {
+                    Verdict::Keep => {
+                        let candidates = candidates_of(&key, &list, upload);
+                        self.batch.releases.push(chunk_of(&key, &list, upload));
+                        self.batch.candidates.extend(candidates);
+                    }
+                    Verdict::Drop { rule, key: rule_key, sample } => {
+                        let segments: usize = list.iter().map(|f| f.len()).sum();
+                        self.count(rule, rule_key.clone(), segments as u64, list.len() as u64);
+                        if sample {
+                            self.batch.samples.push((chunk_of(&key, &list, upload), rule, rule_key));
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -528,7 +639,7 @@ fn posted_of(segments: &[Seg]) -> Option<i64> {
     segments.iter().filter_map(|s| s.posted_at).min()
 }
 
-fn chunk_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> ReleaseChunk {
+fn chunk_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>], upload: usize) -> ReleaseChunk {
     let first = &files[0][0].file;
     let chunk_files: Vec<ChunkFile> = files
         .iter()
@@ -542,8 +653,14 @@ fn chunk_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> ReleaseChunk {
     let mut first_article = i64::MAX;
     let mut last_article = 0;
     let mut posted_at: Option<i64> = None;
+    let mut posted_last: Option<i64> = None;
     for f in files {
         for s in f {
+            if let Some(t) = s.posted_at {
+                if posted_last.is_none_or(|p| t > p) {
+                    posted_last = Some(t);
+                }
+            }
             segments += 1;
             bytes += s.bytes;
             first_article = first_article.min(s.article);
@@ -557,12 +674,14 @@ fn chunk_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> ReleaseChunk {
     }
     ReleaseChunk {
         key: key.to_string(),
+        upload,
         name: first.release.name.clone(),
         source: first.release.source,
         file_total: files.iter().find_map(|f| f[0].file.release.file_total_truthy()),
         poster: first.poster.clone(),
         groups: first.groups.clone(),
         posted_at,
+        posted_last,
         files: files.len(),
         segments,
         bytes,
@@ -574,10 +693,10 @@ fn chunk_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> ReleaseChunk {
     }
 }
 
-fn candidates_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> Vec<Candidate> {
+fn candidates_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>], upload: usize) -> Vec<Candidate> {
     let mut out = Vec::new();
     let mut tail: Option<(i64, &Vec<Seg>)> = None;
-    let c = |kind, s: &Seg| Candidate { release_key: key.to_string(), kind, message_id: s.message_id.clone(), file: s.file.name.clone() };
+    let c = |kind, s: &Seg| Candidate { release_key: key.to_string(), upload, kind, message_id: s.message_id.clone(), file: s.file.name.clone() };
     for f in files {
         let name = &f[0].file.name;
         if let Some(volume) = names::seven_zip_volume(name).filter(|&v| v > 1) {
@@ -593,7 +712,7 @@ fn candidates_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> Vec<Candidate> {
         }
     }
     if let Some((_, f)) = tail {
-        out.push(Candidate { release_key: key.to_string(), kind: "7z-tail", message_id: f.last().unwrap().message_id.clone(), file: f[0].file.name.clone() });
+        out.push(Candidate { release_key: key.to_string(), upload, kind: "7z-tail", message_id: f.last().unwrap().message_id.clone(), file: f[0].file.name.clone() });
     }
     if out.is_empty() && files.len() == 1 && is_random_file(&files[0][0].file.name) {
         out.push(c("lone", &files[0][0]));
@@ -601,3 +720,56 @@ fn candidates_of(key: &str, files: &[Vec<Seg>]) -> Vec<Candidate> {
     out.truncate(4);
     out
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    const GROUP: &str = "alt.binaries.test";
+
+    fn line(n: i64, subject: &str, minutes: i64) -> String {
+        let date = chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(1_791_194_400_000 + minutes * 60_000).unwrap().format("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000");
+        format!("{n}\t{subject}\tp <p@x>\t{date}\t<u{n}@test>\t\t1000\t10\tXref: news.example {GROUP}:{n}")
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn uploads_split_as_in_the_typescript() {
+        let mut priorities = FxHashMap::default();
+        priorities.insert(GROUP.to_string(), 1);
+        let mut ix = RangeIndexer::new(GROUP, 1, 10_000, priorities, 5);
+        let mut lines: Vec<String> = (0..5).map(|i| line(100 + i, &format!(r#"Big.Release [1/2] - "Big.Release.mkv" yEnc ({}/5)"#, i + 1), i * 60)).collect();
+        lines.push(line(200, r#"Big.Release [2/2] - "Big.Release.par2" yEnc (1/1)"#, 245));
+        lines.extend((0..5).map(|i| line(300 + i, &format!(r#"Big.Release [1/2] - "Big.Release.mkv" yEnc ({}/5)"#, i + 1), 1440 + i)));
+        ix.add_text(&lines.join("\r\n"), 10_001);
+        ix.finish();
+        let batch = ix.take();
+        let got: Vec<(usize, usize)> = batch.releases.iter().map(|r| (r.upload, r.files)).collect();
+        assert_eq!(got, vec![(0, 2), (1, 1)]);
+        assert_eq!(batch.releases[0].posted_last.unwrap() - batch.releases[0].posted_at.unwrap(), 245 * 60_000);
+        assert_eq!(batch.releases[0].key, batch.releases[1].key);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn copies_and_fills_as_in_the_typescript() {
+        let hour = 3_600_000i64;
+        let meta = Rc::new(FileMeta {
+            file_key: "a".into(),
+            name: "a.bin".into(),
+            poster: "p".into(),
+            subject: "s".into(),
+            total_parts: 3,
+            groups: vec![],
+            release: names::release_identity("p", "s", "a.bin"),
+        });
+        let at = |number: u32, h: f64, id: &str| Seg { file: meta.clone(), number, message_id: id.into(), bytes: 100, article: 0, posted_at: Some((h * hour as f64) as i64) };
+        let mut agg = Aggregator::default();
+        assert!(agg.add(vec![at(1, 10.0, "a1"), at(2, 10.0, "a2"), at(1, 10.1, "resend")]).is_empty());
+        assert!(agg.add(vec![at(1, 34.0, "b1"), at(2, 34.0, "b2")]).is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(agg.open.get("a").unwrap().len(), 2);
+        let second = agg.add(vec![at(3, 34.2, "b3")]);
+        assert_eq!(second[0].iter().map(|s| s.message_id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["b1", "b2", "b3"]);
+        let first = agg.add(vec![at(3, 58.0, "a3")]);
+        assert_eq!(first[0].iter().map(|s| s.message_id.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec!["a1", "a2", "a3"]);
+        assert!(agg.open.is_empty());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/main.rs b/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/main.rs
index efa8c0b..7f7241c 100644
--- a/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/main.rs
+++ b/tools/edge-bench-rs/src/main.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ fn dump_batch(batch: &Batch, out: &mut impl Write) {
     line.push_str(&format!("{{\"t\":\"b\",\"from\":{},\"next\":{},\"headers\":{}}}", batch.from, batch.next, batch.headers));
     emit(&mut line);
     let release = |r: &indexer::ReleaseChunk, kind: &str, line: &mut String| {
-        line.push_str(&format!("{{\"t\":\"{kind}\",\"key\":"));
+        line.push_str(&format!("{{\"t\":\"{kind}\",\"upload\":{},\"key\":", r.upload));
         json_str(&r.key, line);
         line.push_str(",\"name\":");
         json_str(&r.name, line);
@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ fn dump_batch(batch: &Batch, out: &mut impl Write) {
         }
         line.push_str("],\"postedAt\":");
         opt_num(r.posted_at, line);
+        line.push_str(",\"postedLast\":");
+        opt_num(r.posted_last, line);
         line.push_str(&format!(
             ",\"files\":{},\"segments\":{},\"bytes\":{},\"firstArticle\":{},\"lastArticle\":{},\"readable\":{},\"hasPar2\":{},\"payload\":\"{}\"",
             r.files,
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ fn dump_batch(batch: &Batch, out: &mut impl Write) {
         emit(&mut line);
     }
     for c in &batch.candidates {
-        line.push_str("{\"t\":\"c\",\"releaseKey\":");
+        line.push_str(&format!("{{\"t\":\"c\",\"upload\":{},\"releaseKey\":", c.upload));
         json_str(&c.release_key, &mut line);
         line.push_str(&format!(",\"kind\":\"{}\",\"messageId\":", c.kind));
         json_str(&c.message_id, &mut line);